Elie Wiesel :: essays research papers

Close to the furthest limit of Elie Wiesel’s time in the death camps, Wiesel started to address numerous things. He had addressed G-d, not on the grounds that he put stock in him so much, but since he nearly had no conviction left. He additionally addressed himself when considerations of leaving his dad came to mind. Had Wiesel left his dad, life would without a doubt have been simpler for him to endure. Be that as it may all through all these indecent musings experiencing his head, he â€Å"had done well to forget† them. (87)      His time in the Holocaust left him doubting G-d ordinarily. Wiesel went from a strict youngster to a close to nonbeliever grown-up before the finish of his agonizing time at the camps. Wiesel felt that G-d was weak and quiet during the Holocaust. G-d wasn’t going to spare anybody this time. The main individuals who would escape this alive were the ones who were truly and intellectually sufficient. Wiesel was fortunate enough to be one of the not very many who made it out to recount to his story. Be that as it may, he despite everything looked as his mom and sister were removed to the crematory and his dad kicked the bucket in his bed.  â â â â      Wiesel’s most fragile point intellectually was the point at which he heard that Rabbi Eliahoo’s child deserted him during the demise walk from Buna. He likewise heard that an anonymous kid beat his dad to demise for a little bit of bread. It was there a then that he gave minor thought to disposing of his dad. It is the ruthlessness of the whole Holocaust that drove Rabbi Eliahoo’s child furthermore, the anonymous youngster to do such things to their dads. A dad/child bond is one of the most grounded bonds known to man. Be that as it may, for the two youngsters, their own endurance started things out. In the end, Wiesel had to settle on a similar sort of choice. He had taken a portion of his father’s food during the most recent few evenings he was living since he realized that he would in all beyond words anyway. He surrendered trust on his dad simply like the others.

Euthanasia Is Defined As The Act Of Painlessly Ending The Life Of A P

Willful extermination is characterized as: the demonstration of easily finishing the life of an individual for reasons of leniency (Encarta '98.) defenders of it accept that superfluously delaying life in at death's door patients makes gigantic enduring the patient's loved ones. Three reasons willful extermination ought to be upheld are: killing has been acknowledged in numerous different social orders previously, it mitigates the torment and enduring felt by individuals near the patient, and it is just utilized after every single other course have been attempted and fizzled. Killing was acknowledged by numerous individuals past social orders. Antiquated Greece and Rome both rehearsed it on the old and on youngsters who needed wellbeing and life. Socrates and Plato both endorsed of its utilization when vital. Indeed, most antiquated societies authorized the utilization of intentional willful extermination (when a patient offers consent to somebody to support him/her bite the dust) for the wiped out and decrepit. When a specific degree of ailment has been reached, and there is not a single fix to be seen, the shocking enduring of the patient and his/her relatives must be considered. On the off chance that an individual is lying on their deathbed without the desire for regularly showing signs of improvement, rather than viewing the patient's moderate crumbling, it at times might be ideal to end it before the victim loses all the respect the person has left. In the event that that individual gives their consent, for what reason shouldn't a specialist or relative award a straightforward last wish and reassess the machines breathing counterfeit life? Obviously, above all in the fight over willful extermination is this: it is just utilized if all else fails. Specialists aren't coming into rooms at 12 PM and slaughtering alive and well individuals for additional bed space. These individuals are either all out vegetables or going to bite the dust in any case. Experts of deliberate willful extermination are helping these individuals out. They need to bite the dust; they have to kick the bucket. Immediately, killing ought to be approved on the grounds that its training has a long history, it remembers a portion of the anguish felt by victims and their families, and it is utilized simply after every other endeavor to mend an individual have been depleted. Simply think: if an individual is in torment before your eyes, would you permit them to proceed with their affliction or would you help them out and end it in a forgiving manner.

Endothermic and Exothermic Chemical Reactions

Endothermic and Exothermic Chemical Reactions Numerous synthetic responses discharge vitality as warmth, light, or sound. These are exothermic responses. Exothermic responses may happen suddenly and bring about higher irregularity or entropy (ÃŽS 0ï » ¿) of the framework. They are signified by a negative warmth stream (heat is lost to the environmental factors) and abatement in enthalpy (ÃŽH 0). In the lab, exothermic responses produce heat or may even be touchy. There are other substance responses that must retain vitality so as to continue. These are endothermic responses. Endothermic responses can't happen suddenly. Work must be done so as to get these responses to happen. At the point when endothermic responses retain vitality, a temperature drop is estimated during the response. Endothermic responses are portrayed by positive warmth stream (into the response) and an expansion in enthalpy (ÃŽH). Instances of Endothermic and Exothermic Processes Photosynthesis is a case of an endothermic synthetic response. In this procedure, plants utilize the vitality from the sun to change over carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen. This response requires 15MJ of vitality (daylight) for each kilogram of glucose that is delivered: daylight 6CO2(g) H2O(l) C6H12O6(aq) 6O2(g) Different instances of endothermic procedures include: Dissolving ammonium chloride in waterCracking alkanesNucleosynthesis of components heavier than nickel in starsEvaporating fluid waterMelting ice A case of an exothermic response is the blend of sodium and chlorine to yield table salt. This response produces 411 kJ of vitality for every mole of salt that is created: Na(s) 0.5Cl2(s) NaCl(s) Different instances of exothermic procedures include: The thermite reactionA balance response (e.g., blending a corrosive and a base to frame a salt and water)Most polymerization reactionsCombustion of a fuelRespirationNuclear fissionCorrosion of metal (an oxidation reaction)Dissolving a corrosive in water Exhibitions You Can Perform Numerous exothermic and endothermic responses include poisonous synthetics, outrageous warmth or cold, or chaotic removal strategies. A case of a snappy exothermic response is dissolving powdered clothing cleanser in your grasp with a touch of water. A case of a simple endothermic response is dissolving potassium chloride (sold as a salt substitute) in your grasp with water. These endothermic and exothermic showings are protected and simple: Energizing Exothermic Reactions to Try: Heat things up with one of these basic exothermic response demonstrations.Create an Endothermic Reaction: Some endothermic responses get sufficiently cold to cause frostbite. Heres a case of a response safe enough for children to touch.How to Create an Exothermic Chemical Reaction: Some exothermic responses produce blazes and get very hot (like the thermite response). Here is a safe exothermic response that produces heat however wont light fires or cause a burn.Make Hot Ice From Vinegar and Baking Soda: Sodium acetic acid derivation or hot ice can be utilized as either an endothermic or exothermic response, contingent upon whether you are taking shape or dissolving the strong. Endothermic versus Exothermic Comparison Heres a speedy outline of the contrasts among endothermic and exothermic responses: Endothermic Exothermic heat is consumed (feels cold) heat is discharged (feels warm) vitality must be added for response to happen response happens unexpectedly clutter diminishes (ÃŽS 0) entropy expands (ÃŽS 0) increment in enthalpy (+ÃŽH) decline in enthalpy (- ÃŽH) Endergonic and Exergonic Reactions Endothermic and exothermic responses allude to the ingestion or arrival of warmth. There are different sorts of vitality which might be created or consumed by a synthetic response. Models incorporate light and sound. When all is said in done, responses including vitality might be named endergonic or exergonic, An endothermic response is a case of an endergonic response. An exothermic response is a case of an exergonic response. Key Facts Endothermic and exothermic responses are substance responses that retain and discharge heat, respectively.A genuine case of an endothermic response is photosynthesis. Ignition is a case of an exothermic reaction.The order of a response as endo-or exothermic relies upon the net warmth move. In some random response, heat is both consumed and discharged. For instance, vitality must be contribution to an ignition response to begin it (lighting a fire with a match), however then more warmth is discharged than was required. Assets and Further Reading Qian, Y.†Z., et al. â€Å"Diverse Supernova Sources for the r†Process.† The Astrophysical Journal, vol. 494, no. 1, 10 Feb. 1998, pp. 285-296, doi:10.1086/305198.Yin, Xi, et al. â€Å"Self-Heating Approach to the Fast Production of Uniform Metal Nanostructures.† Chemistry of Nanomaterials for Energy, Biology and that's just the beginning, vol. 2, no. 1, 26 Aug. 2015, pp. 37-41, doi:10.1002/cnma.201500123.

Illusory Conceptions of Control in The Good Anna - Literature Essay Samples

As Gertrude Stein asserts in her lecture entitled â€Å"Composition as Explanation,† â€Å"Beauty is beauty even when it is irritating and stimulating not only when it is accepted and classic.† This quotation, especially the portion referring to the element of irritation present in much of Stein’s work, applies directly to her novel Three Lives. Diverging from a plot centered upon narrative, the author’s concentration upon each and every minute detail can result in the reader’s exhaustion and frustration. This reaction could be elicited throughout one of the stories included in the novel The Good Anna. Although the prevalence of detail in some seemingly trivial instances and the omission of it in others may seem illogically repetitive upon first reading, it is later established that these details instead interact to characterize the main character, Anna. Contrary to a normative literary style, Stein routinely grants lesser importance to events that are commonly considered central to one’s life while simultaneously emphasizing those considered ordinary. This tendency toward an overabundance of detail to certain life events and ignorance to others throughout the superficially simple and sterile structure of The Good Anna exemplifies the sense of power that the main character believes herself to have, though it is often a false or exaggerated conception. One significant area in which this approach to incidents of importance is most effective is in the detailing of Anna’s potential involvement in the resolution of conflict with those who surround her. This prominence or absence of detail relates directly to the amount of control the main character is perceived to possess of both her environment and relationships.Within the scope of character interaction, there are multiple situations that the text explores with regularity, one of which being the association between servant and supervisor. Despite the fact that Anna is meant to epitomize the role of a loyal and undemanding servant, Stein routinely suggests that the desire for power and a sense of significance are unrelenting motivational forces for this subordinate figure. This dynamic is exemplified early in the novel as the detached narrator describes that â€Å"This one little house was always very full with Miss Mathilda, an under servant, stray dogs and cats and Anna’s voice that scolded, managed, grumbled all day long,† (Stein 3). This quotation suggests that, despite the fact that Miss Mathilda’s name is listed first in the sentence and Anna’s last, it seems that Anna is given the majority of the agency in regulating the household. This notion of the main character’s potential control over her surroundings, however, is undermined by the reader’s later understanding that only relatively insignificant tasks are left entirely to Anna’s jurisdiction. The only things upon which she has control are animals, as Stein depicts that â€Å"Anna would leave the room a little while and leave them together, and then she would suddenly come back. Back would slink all the wicked-minded dogs at the sound of her hand upon the knob, and then they would sit desolate in their corners like a lot of disappointed children whose stolen sugar has been taken from them,† (Stein 4-5) The amount of detail in this passage, instead of conveying the influence Anna possesses over the lives of those by whom she is employed, works to display a less significant authority over her dogs. Upon Anna entering the room, her pets retreat to corners as punishment and are given emotions associated with human-like disappointments. In likening the dogs to young children, Stein asserts that the main character has little to no significant and influential interaction with people and must instead settle for manipulating the moral fabric of her dogs. The strategy of employing an abundance of detail in t his situation satirizes the influence Anna believes herself to have and exemplifies the misconceptions that she has about the indispensability of her position in Miss Mathilda’s household.This same high level of detail and importance that is given the events dictated in the above passage corresponds to the later contrast between the main character’s virtually nonexistent power and that of those in more important social positions. One of such authority figures, Miss Mary Wadsmith’s daughter Miss Jane, elicits an explosive reaction from Anna even as a child. The young girl requests, upon alleged instructions from her mother, that Anna bring blue dressings to their country home. But, upon Miss Mary Wadsmith’s and Miss Jane’s departure, â€Å"Anna stood still on the steps, her eyes hard and sharp and shining, and her body and her face stiff with resentment†¦On the third day, Anna and Edgar went to the Wadsmith country home. The blue dressing out of the two rooms remained behind,† (Stein 15). As is evident in the above quotation, Stein once again employs descriptive, though simplistic, diction to depict the frustration the main character experiences when her conceived control of Miss Mary Wadsmith has been impinged upon. Stein does generally seem to employ detail more heavily whenever a significant emotional episode occurs, and this trend also correlates with the triviality of that event. Although it is clear that Anna displays a tendency toward an increase in sentiment when she feels that her position of influence in her environment is being constrained or manipulated, the events that cause this shift in power are determined by an object as seemingly unimportant as blue dressings. This item, however, embodies a larger concept that is stressed within the psyche of the main character—the thought that the effort put into a relationship ought to yield a greater influence upon the superior. Due to the fact that Anna ’s interaction with Miss Mary Wadsmith is very much connected with her power to manipulate and advise her mistress, a large amount of both detail and emotion is associated with any loss of influence. There are specific instances, however, that include a minimal amount of detail but are concurrently considered relatively important or, in some respects, live-altering. Such an event within the text of The Good Anna could be said to be the preparation for Miss Jane’s wedding, in which Anna seems to be exceptionally involved, as Stein writes that â€Å"The preparations for the wedding went on day and night. Anna worked and served hard to make it all go well.† The text asserts two paragraphs later that â€Å"The wedding grew always nearer. At last it came and passed† (Stein 20). In the pages previous to these overly simplistic statements, Anna laments her imminent split from Miss Mary Wadsmith because, once her two mistresses relocate to Miss Jane’s new husband’s home, Anna â€Å"[never could be] a girl in a household where Miss Jane would be the head† (Stein 19). In considering these quotations as a continuous entity, it is evident that though this marriage between Miss Jane and her fiancà © will have significant consequences upon Anna’s well-being, the day of the wedding itself does not receive any more concession in the text than one sentence in its own independent paragraph. The lack of emphasis upon an event that has the potential to have a determining effect upon the course of the main character’s life exemplifies the situations in which Anna possesses even less control than is normally given her by the narrative correspondingly elicit even less detail. On the contrary, however, despite the actual wedding day being absent of detail, Anna’s disappointment concerning her rapidly ending relationship with Miss Mary Wadsmith does receive a great amount of attention in the narrative. In comparing the work’s treatment of a deteriorating bond between two people to that of a uniting of others, it is more important to detail the situation which is within the main character’s control. Throughout Anna’s interaction with her mistress, she is frequently able to manipulate Miss Mary Wadsmith into the ideals she has fashioned for a proper way of life, but the marriage of Miss Jane indicates an end to this control. It is for this reason, then, that Anna’s decision to relinquish the power she holds over Miss Mary Wadsmith receives the most detail and attention rather than an event over which she possesses no control. Another such instance in which the narrative does not employ detail in its relaying a crucial event is identified in the death of the main character. In the final lines of The Good Anna, the text simply declares that â€Å"They did the operation and then the good Anna with her strong, strained, worn-out body died† (Stein 56). This quotati on once again exemplifies that, in situations in which Anna has little or no control, the narrative does not consider it necessary to do more than outline her struggles. Within the operating room, Anna is unconscious and incapable of her usual tendencies toward advice and guidance and, therefore, the text does not bother with the inconsequential details. What is instead focused upon following the news of her death are her relationships with her mistresses through a sterile and impersonal letter that states that â€Å"Miss Annie died easy, Miss Mathilda, and sent you her love,† (Stein 56). Despite the fact that this correspondence does not give concession to any emotion surrounding the death of Anna, it does give substantial detail about Anna’s last wishes and thoughts, though they are presented in a rather minimalistic fashion. The principle of perceived control is embodied through this letter in that Anna regulates the sentiments and possessions to be relayed to those she leaves behind. In contrast to the more in-depth stipulations the letter outlines, the statement that announces her death passes in a succinct moment, which ultimately creates a more realistic depiction of the event. Much like the marriage of Miss Jane, there is much anticipation surrounding the occurrence of Anna’s death, but it arrives and passes without high distinction between each separate physical state because it does not involve the agency of the main character. Ultimately, Stein’s use of details throughout The Good Anna directly suggests the level of agency that the main character is perceived to have at any point throughout the narrative. When these details are employed, all of the central conflicts of the text only seem to exist for the purpose of catalyzing an outcome that will either remove or augment Anna’s conception of control. This concept is connected with the idea of the self-contained within Modernist ideals, which states that the citizen is deserving of consideration and should be entitled to some level of participation in the making of the world. According to this standard, all people, however seemingly insignificant, are worthy of attention. The prevalence of agency in Stein’s novel is inextricably linked with this model of thought, in that Anna consistently desires to leave a significant impact on her environment through her advising of and frequent direction of attention toward others. It is no wonder, then, that the consequences of the main character’s actions receive a greater intensity of consideration than the events themselves, since it is, in theory, the principal goal of a Modernist text to present realistic suggestions about the self as well as the environment in which that self is contained. Anna, in this work, is the vehicle for an overarching comment upon what Modernists consider to be a basic right of each member of a society.

French Resume Example - Le CV Francais

Customer Relationship Management ( Crm ) - 1583 Words

Part I Theoretical Study Chapter 2 : CRM study 2.1 Defining CRM Customer relationship management (CRM) is an approach that company’s use to manage, analyze and interact with customers. It refers to the practices, strategies and the technologies used by companies to understand the customer’s needs and behavior in order to create and build relationships with customers and to follow them throughout the customer lifecycle with a focus on increasing retaining customers with driving the sales growth. The idea of a CRM system is to help organizations use technology and employees to gain knowledge on customers. An important aspect is in communications, ie by listening to the customer needs, opinions, demands, services, support with an aim for business to collaborate closely with its market. With improvements in technology, modes of communications and marketing strategies, customers are flooded with lot of information. With various channels introduced and invested in: direct mail email campaign, conventions, call centers dedicated and designed to the needs of its market versus the agendas of the companies behind it. So companies have an obligation and a need to constantly interact with customers to keep them educated about products services, engaged with company catalogs, promotion materials, advertisements etc. Second aspect is technology, companies are leverage technology to build manage the relationship with customers. With technologies focusing on customer managementShow MoreRelatedCustomer Relationship Management (CRM)845 Words   |  3 PagesRM stands for Customer Relationship Management. It is an approach used to learn more about customers needs and manners in order to develop stronger relationships with them. Good customer relationships are at the core of business achievement. There are many technological mechanisms to CRM, but thinking about CRM in mainly technological terms is a mistake. The more useful way to think about CRM is as a calculated process that will help you better understand your customers’ needs and how you can meetRead MoreCustomer Relationship Management ( Crm ) Essay831 Words   |  4 Pages CRM: Customer Satisfaction, Customer Loyalty, and Firm Profitability Customer Relationship Management (CRM) is a tool that helps track, manage and supply information about customer’s interactions with an organization to help contribute to customer satisfaction that leads to customer loyalty. Additionally, CRM programs provide tools and applications designed to target their efforts on the most profitable customers, target new potential customers, and generate sales and maintain relationshipsRead MoreCustomer Relationship Management ( Crm )1510 Words   |  7 Pages1) Introduction: Customer Relationship Management (CRM) is a key business strategy that optimizes customer experience and increases service or product value. CRM represents a function that relates customer satisfaction, customer behaviour, customer value and profit of an organization. The main goal of integrating CRM software is to improve the sales functionality, such as providing real time customer data history to the sales departments. Other benefits of CRM software include impro ved targeted marketingRead MoreCustomer Relationship Management ( Crm )857 Words   |  4 PagesCustomer Relationship Management (CRM) The most important aspect of any company that is involved in medium to big projects, is the company’s relationship with its clients. It is so important that companies like BNSF Railways, which was awarded Customer Relationship Management Excellence Awards in 2006 by Gartner Inc. (Schwalbe, K., pp 56, 2010), boosted its sales by simply investing more in customer relationship management. To reinforce the importance of CRM, studies conducted by HUFS College ofRead MoreCustomer Relationship Management ( Crm ) Essay1406 Words   |  6 PagesCustomer Relationship Management (CRM) may be methodology} that supports degree organization’s decision-making method to retain long-term and profitable relationships with its customers. Some define CRM as simply a business strategy whereas others define it as a data-driven approach to assess customers’ current desires and gain The common variations of CRM include: operational CRM (O-CRM); analytical CRM (A-CRM); collaborative CRM (C-CRM); e-Commerce CRM (e-CRM); and mobile CRM (m-CRM) OperationalRead MoreCustomer Relationship Management ( Crm ) Essay769 Words   |  4 Pagesare target markets, customer relationship management (CRM), technology and breakthrough opportunities, building relationships with customers, and most importantly, customer lifetime value. Target markets are part of a marketing strategy. It is a â€Å"fairly homogenous group† of customers who a company wants to appeal to (pg 33). To determine their target markets, companies look at age, location, gender and etc. For example, a firm that sells winter apparel will target customers who live in cold regionsRead MoreCustomer Relationship Management ( Crm )1456 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Customer Relationship Management (CRM) is significant in the service marketing these days, customers are the major element that relates to the company growth and profits. Understanding the customer purchase behavior and relationship is a key of success that commonly indicates the B2B B2C relationship management. CRM system provides the customer information that shows what customer wants and needs, and help sales person to increase the customer relationship with the organizationRead MoreCustomer Relationship Management ( Crm )3159 Words   |  13 PagesCustomer Relationship Management (CRM) is a strategy for operating all your enterprise’s relationships and interactions with your clients and future clients (What is CRM.) The CRM industry has been molded by monolithic trends over its lifetime. Back in the late 90s, intranets, extranets and the internet altered CRM into more collaborative approaches. The move to cloud has transformed CRM and the relative merchant success. It has definitely encouraged several more users to implement CRM solutionsRead MoreCustomer Relationship Management ( Crm )1223 Words   |  5 PagesCustomer relationship management (CRM) is an essential part of every modern business. At the beginning of 21st century, the customer power dramatically increased due to Internet and technology development. The objectives of CRM are to build profitable and long-term relationships with customers. CRM is a complete system that provides a 360-degree view of the customer. It is also a method that tends to capture the experience of the consumers, and gain their trust to remain loyal customers. It is alsoRead MoreCustomer Relationship Management ( Crm )869 Words   |  4 Pageswhat the custome r wants from them. Many companies have come to realize that customers and the service they receive are very important in expanding their brand. Because of that recognition, most businesses of the twenty-first century have developed customer relationship management (CRM) initiatives to better relate to their customer bases. What does customer relationship management (CRM) mean? Kurtz defines CRM as a set of strategies and tools that companies use to learn about customers (Kurtz, 2015

Nan nan Essay Example For Students

Nan nan Essay Kobe Bryant ResumeKobe Bryant #8 Los Angeles LakersPosition: Guard Born: 08 / 23 / 1978 in Philadelphia Height: 6-7 / 201 cm Weight: 210 lbs. / 95.3 kg High School: Lower Merion (PA) Honors and Awards? Kobe Bryant won the 1997 Slam Dunk contest. Posted a team-high 18 points and 6 rebounds, becoming the youngest All-Star in NBA history, in the 1998 NBA All-Star Game in New York. Named to the 1996-97 NBA All-Rookie Second Team, averaging 7.6 ppg, in 15.5 ppg, in 71 gamesSelected by USA Today and Parade Magazine as the National High School Player of the Year as a senior at Lower Merion H.S. C A R E E R A V E R A G E S REBOUNDS YEAR TEAM G GS MPG FG% 3P% FT% OFF DFF TOT APG SPG BPG TO PF PPG 96-97 Lal 71 6 15.5 .417 .375 .819 0.7 1.2 1.9 1.3 0.69 0.32 1.6 1.4 7.6 97-98 Lal 79 1 26.0 .428 .341 .794 1.0 2.1 3.1 2.5 0.94 0.51 2.0 2.3 15.4 98-99 Lal 50 50 37.9 .465 .267 .839 1.1 4.2 5.3 3.8 1.44 1.00 3.1 3.1 19.9 99-00 Lal 66 62 38.2 .468 .319 .821 1.6 4.7 6.3 4.9 1.61 0.94 2.8 3.3 22.5 Career 266 119 28.5 .450 .331 .816 1.1 2.9 4.0 3.0 1.13 0.66 2.3 2.5 15.9 Playoff 46 26 30.2 .441 .319 .758 0.9 2.7 3.6 3.2 1.07 1.02 2.3 3.3 15.8 All-Star 2 2 25.0 .438 .429 1.000 1.5 2.0 3.5 2.0 2.00 0.00 1.0 2.0 16.5 CAREER TRANSACTIONS Selected by the Charlotte Hornets in the first round (13th pick overall) of the 1996 NBA Draft. Draft rights traded by the Hornets to the L.A. La kers for Vlade Divac on 7/11/96. KOBES QUOTES;I have the best of both worlds, sometimes I feel like a kid, and sometimes I feel like a grownup. Words/ Pages : 312 / 24

Radiation Dose Reduction Strategies in Cardiac CT Angiography

Introduction With great advancements in technology especially in the field of medicine, computed tomography (CT) has developed to become a very important clinical tool (Smith-Bindman et al. 2009). The use of CT examinations has also substantially increased.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Radiation Dose Reduction Strategies in Cardiac CT Angiography specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In the U.S., for example, the number increased from 3 million from the 80s to about 70 million by 2007. Computed tomography has been integrated into various healthcare procedures and has led to the dramatic improvement of patient health care. For this reason, CT has been considered among the most useful technologies in medicine. The use of coronary CT angiography (CCTA) has been established to be a useful tool in the diagnosis of coronary artery disease (Goitein et al. 2011). This is basically because it allows for non-invasiv e evaluation of coronary arteries (Flohr, Raupach, and Bruder 2009). It is currently used in the evaluation of acute chest pains. CCTA is also used in the elimination of coronary atherosclerosis. For this particular reason, it has been recognized to be valuable among those with intermediate cardiovascular risks (Torres et al. 2010). Despite the importance of CT in medicine, it is known to be a great source of radiation that may be harmful to the human health. The radiation doses associated with this procedure is said to be much higher than those associated with the x-rays. A typical example is that of a chest CT scan. It is said to deliver more than 100 times that of a conventional chest radiograph (Flohr, Raupach, and Bruder 2009). Therefore, the increased use of CT in medical examinations has led to the subsequent increase in the exposure of ionizing radiation to individuals. This has led to great concerns since exposure to ionizing radiation has been associated with the developme nt of cancer (Smith-Bindman et al. 2009). In a particular study, the amount of radiation that is exposed to the patient during a single CT scan was compared to that which the long-term Chernobyl survivors were exposed to (Smith-Bindman et al. 2009).Advertising Looking for research paper on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Radiations from cardiac CT angiography have increased the impact and prevalence of cardiac atherosclerosis among individuals. For this reason, regulation of the exposure of these elements has been necessary and has been done through adherence to the ALARA principle, which stands for ‘As Low As Reasonably Achievable’. The ALARA principle came about as a measure to reduce the harmful effects of radiation during any procedure involving radiation (Stolzmann et al. 2008). This implies that reasonable methods should be employed in order to ensure that an individual encounters minimum r adiation doses. It is believed that each radiation dose increases the risk of genetic mutation or cancerous developments. However, since it is also necessary to maintain the image quality in terms of spatial and temporal resolution, it is important to consider both the radiation doses and image quality while performing CCTA. Studies have shown how to comply with the ALARA principle while maintaining an image quality that would be useful in diagnosis (Torres et al. 2010). Methodology The method used for this paper included a thorough literature search to find relevant peer-reviewed articles. The various databases that were used included Medscape, ScienceDirect, PubMed and ProQuest. The keywords that were used included ‘Cardiac CT Angiography’, ‘CT radiation doses’ and ‘radiation reduction strategies in CT angiography’. From the available articles, only those that were most relevant to the study were selected. Relevance of the articles was determ ined through the analysis of the articles’ titles, abstracts and conclusions. The results were also checked and highlighted. In order to ensure up-to-date information, the search criterion was limited to articles published between 2008 and 2013 (not more than 5 years old). From the articles selected, various radiation reduction strategies were highlighted and may be summarised as shown below.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Radiation Dose Reduction Strategies in Cardiac CT Angiography specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Tube current Tube Potential ECG Gating Position of Patient Z-axis Coverage Automatic Exposure Control (ACE) Collimation Using of Dual Energy Technology Exposing the Area of Interest Only (FOV) Fast Gantry Rotation Time Using Reconstruction Techniques Pitch Over-ranging Objectives To identify the various strategies to reduce radiation exposure in cardiac (coronary) CT angiography T o highlight some of the limitations associated with CCTA To provide recommendations for the appropriate strategies to employ while performing coronary CT angiography Tube current Studies have indicated that the tube current within the CT suite should not be constant for all individuals (Leipsic et al. 2010). Several strategies have been studied to ensure optimal tube current during CCTA. One of the strategies employed is the weight-based approach. This approach aims at adjusting the tube current based on the individual’s body weight or body mass index (Lee et al. 2012). This may be necessary to avoid the possibility of overexposing the individual to radiation. The tube current should be tailored to fit the individuals with different Body Mass Index (BMI) (Leipsic et al. 2010). This is meant to correct for different body shapes in order to ensure minimal radiation exposure while maintaining diagnostic image quality (Tatsugami et al. 2008). Further research is underway to expl ore possibility of using diameter or thoracic shape (Shrimpton et al. 2009). This may provide a better alternative for future use as practitioners observe the ALARA principle. Tube Potential The tube potential also determines the amount of radiation exposure to patients (Lund et al. 2009). The relationship between the two is exponential. Increasing the tube voltage increases the radiation exposure by the square of that factor (Torres et al. 2010). ECG Gating For CCTA to be successful, â€Å"motionless† images of the coronary arteries should be acquired. For this to happen, all reconstructed images at a specific time must correspond to a specific point in the cardiac cycle. This may be made possible through ECG gating, which involves synchronizing with the ECG (Stolzmann et al. 2008). One of the ways this is done is through retrospective ECG gating. This involves the activation of the x-ray beam throughout the entire cardiac cycle. Images are then reconstructed in any desired phase of the cycle. This method allows for the selection of the appropriate images to reconstruct for each vessel. Despite the fact that this method allows for the assessment of any wall motion abnormality, valve function and ejection fraction, it exposes the patient to high radiation doses.Advertising Looking for research paper on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The alternative method, prospective ECG Gating, involves the same procedure but is only done in a specific period in the cycle (Wu, Budovec, and Foley 2009, 958). The interval between a whole cycle is referred to as the R-R interval. The x-ray tube is only activated at a particular point in the interval and is referred to as the phase window. As the phase window is made narrower, the radiation dose is also decreased. Therefore, this method may be useful in minimizing exposure of radiation to the patient. However, this also comes at a cost. Fewer phases of the cycle will be available for image reconstruction. For this reason, it may be difficult to obtain quality images with an increased heart rate (DeFrance et al. 2010). Position of Patient Another important factor to consider while reducing radiation dose is the position of the patient in the gantry. The patient should be placed in such a way as to ensure that the area of concern is placed at the isocenter. This would ensure that t he beam crossing that region in whatever direction would cross as much body tissue as possible. A well-positioned patient would facilitate constant image noise and avoid increased surface radiation dose (Bae et al. 2008). Z-axis Coverage The total radiation dose is greatly influenced by the craniocaudal length (Khan et al. 2011). This is basically due to the fact that it directly relates to the dose-length product. One way of reducing the radiation dose in CCTA is by limiting this length. Automatic Exposure Control (ACE) The ACE is a device that facilitates the termination of x-ray exposure. The x-ray terminal may be operated by man or automatically by the ACE. This device ensures that there is a consistent x-ray film. It may be useful in ensuring reduced radiation dose to the patient since it ensures a good consistent x-ray density in order to match the shapes and sizes of different individuals (Bae et al. 2008). Collimation The adaptive section collimation is a method that is prom ising to reduce radiation dose in CCTA (Deak et al. 2009). The results from a study by Deak and his colleagues showed that this method allowed great reduction of unnecessary exposure to radiation due to z-overscanning. They recommended that it could be used together with other strategies such as AEC and spectral optimization. Using of Dual Energy Technology The use of dual source CT has provided solutions to problems that were experienced during the implementation of CT angiography. The main problem was the fact that imaging needed rapid volume coverage while resolving the disease in vessels. This technology employs the use of two x-ray sources and detectors and ensures double temporal resolution at twice the speed (Torres et al. 2010). Therefore, radiation exposure is minimized. Exposing the Area of Interest Only (FOV) Another way of decreasing radiation dose is by exposing the area of interest only for imaging. This ensures that there is an increased z-coverage requiring few image s that maintain diagnostic image quality (Khan et al. 2011). Fast Gantry Rotation Time In order to facilitate underexposure of radiation to the patient, some scanners have the capability of sub-second gantry rotation times. When this is coupled with tube current modulation, it causes tube current saturation. This means that the tube current works at maximum capacity (Israel et al, 2008). Using Reconstruction Techniques The reconstruction method used is also an important consideration. There are two classes that include the surface-based and thresholding-based reconstruction techniques. The thresholding-based reconstruction is preferred (Leipsic et al. 2010). This is due to its speed and its use of relatively small amount of computational power. Pitch The high-pitch CT angiography is a technology that has helped achieve reduced radiation exposure to patients. This is mainly because they have significantly reduced the scan time and allowed greater volumes to be covered at a time (Apfa ltrer et al. 2012). Over-ranging Over-ranging is another strategy for reducing radiation dose exposure. It facilitates the covering of large areas during scanning in order to ensure that the examination is done at a shorter period. The wide-range detectors may be used to facilitate this. Limitations of CCTA Despite the many advantages associated with cardiac CT angiography, this technology has its limitations. CT scanners produce ionizing radiation that come into contact with the patient while under examination. Increasingly high exposure to radiations from these procedures increases risks of cancer. This is even more worrying since the number of people exposed to these radiations has increased over time since CCTA procedures are done virtually everywhere. Some studies have shown the possibility of CT angiography false-detecting coronary obstruction where it actually does not exist (Nissen 2008). Such a high false-positive rate may be dangerous since it may lead to unnecessary proce dures. For CCTA to be successful, the heart rate must be about 65 beats per minutes (McCollough 2008). When this heart rate is exceeded, the quality of images may be affected. Foods and drinks containing caffeine may increase heart rate. Therefore, patients should be encouraged not to take them before examination. Patients also need to be trained on proper breath-holding techniques in order to get diagnostic images (Hausleiter et al. 2009). Another limitation is the fact that contraindicated contrast material may lead to misinterpretation of results. Lack of clinical and radiological experts is another limitation since not many are trained in the field. Since the machines used for CCTA are expensive, lack of funding may lead to the use of poor equipment. Discussion The technology behind CCTA has proved very beneficial in the field of medicine. Several improvements have been made to make examination more effective and efficient. This includes reduction of radiation exposure and impro ved image quality. Despite the several studies that have been done in order to reduce radiation dose, several limitations still exist. This calls for further research in the field. Recommendations Several strategies have been studied but each has its pros and cons. While using ECG gating, for example, it would be recommended to use the prospective ECG gating instead of using retrospective ECG gating (Miller, Rochitte, and Dewey 2008, 2330). Among the various protocols used in CCTA, the 64-row MDCTCA has been recommended (Johnson, Pannu Fishman, 2009). It is also recommended that patient preparation should be done before the patient undergoes examination. During examination, exposure parameters such as tube potential and tube current should be adapted to the individuals BMI. Proper positioning of the patient in the scanner is also recommended in order to ensure optimization of CCTA. Conclusion Great advancements in technology led to the introduction of coronary CT angiography. This technology allowed for the non-invasive imaging of coronary arteries. The multi-detector computed tomography (CT) scanners were used to perform this examination. Within few years, this technology was in use in virtually every medical situation. This procedure promised to provide safe and painless diagnosis of coronary disease. However, it was not long before some of the limitations of this procedure were discovered. The most worrying of the issues associated with CCTA was exposure to ionizing radiations that were linked to cancerous developments. For this reason, the ALARA principle was introduced in order to ensure that the patient is exposed to minimal radiation dose. Several strategies have been suggested and used to reduce the radiation dose in cardiac CT angiography (Raff et al. 2009). However, some problems are still encountered with the strategies that are in place. Therefore, more research is required to find more effective and safe methods of diagnosing coronary artery dise ase. References Apfaltrer, Paul, Herbert Hanna, Joseph Schoepf, Janet Spears, Stefan Schoenberg, Christian Fink, Rozemarijn Vliegenthart. 2012. â€Å"Radiation dose and image quality at high-pitch CT angiography of the aorta: intraindividual and interindividual comparisons with conventional CT angiography.† AJR 199(6): 1402-1409. Bae, Kein, Ann Seek, Calton Hildebolt, Ching Tao, Fing Zhu, Mang Kanematsu, and Kate Woodard. 2008. â€Å"Contrast enhancement in cardiovascular MDCT: effect of body weight, height, body surface area, body mass index, and obesity.† AJR Am J 190(1): 777-784. Deak, Paul, Oliver Langner, Michael Lell, and Willi Kalender. 2009. â€Å"Effects of Adaptive Section Collimation on Patient Radiation Dose in Multisection Spiral CT.† Radiology 252(1): 140-147. DeFrance, Tony, Eric Dubois, Dan Gebow, Alex Ramirez, Florian Wolf, and Gudrun Feuchtner. 2010. â€Å"Helical prospective ECG-gating in cardiac computed tomography: radiation dose and image quality.† Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 26(1): 99-107. Flohr, Thomas, Rainer Raupach, Herbert Bruder. 2009. â€Å"Cardiac CT: How much can temporal resolution, spatial resolution, and volume coverage be improved?† J Cardiovasc Comput Tomogr 3(1): 143-152. Goitein, Orly, Shlomi Matetzky, Yael Eshet, David Goitein, Ashraf Hamda, Elio Segni, and Eli Konen. 2011. â€Å"Coronary CT angiography for acute chest pain triage: Techniques for radiation exposure reduction, 128 vs 64 multidetector CT.† Acta Radiologica 52(1): 840-845. doi:10.1258/ar.2011.110169. Hausleiter, Jorg, Todd Meyer, Frost Hermann, Mann Hadamitzky, Moses Krebs, and Tiana Gerber. 2009. â€Å"Estimated radiation dose associated with cardiac CT angiography.† JAMA 301(1): 500-507. Israel, Gray, Summer Herlihy, Ami Rubinowitz, Daniel Cornfield, and James Brink. 2008. â€Å"Does a Combination of Dose Modulation with Fast Gantry Rotation Time Limit CT Image Quality?† AJR 191(1): 140-144. Johnson, Pa mela, Harpreet Pannu, and Elliot Fishman. 2009. â€Å"IV contrast infusion for coronary artery CT angiography: literature review and results of a nationwide survey.† AJR Am J 192(1): 214-221. Khan, Atif, Khurram Nasir, Faisal Khosa, Amina Saghir, Sheryar Sarwar and Melvin Clouse. 2011. â€Å"Prospective Gating With 320-MDCT Angiography: Effect of Volume Scan Length on Radiation Dose.† American Journal of Roentgenology 196(1): 407-411. Doi:10.2214/AJR.10.4903. Lee, Yi-Wei, Ching-Ching Yang, Greta Mok, and Tung-Hsin Wu. 2012. â€Å"Infant cardiac CT Angiography with 64-Slice and 256-Slice CT: Comparison of Radiation Dose and Image Quality Using a Pediatric Phantom.† PLOS ONE 7(11): 1-9. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0049609. Leipsic, Jonathon, Troy LaBounty, Brett Heilbron, James Min, John Mancini, Fay Lin, Carolyn Taylor, Allison Dunning, and James Earls. 2010. â€Å"Estimated Radiation Dose Reduction Using Adaptive Statistical Iterative Reconstruction in Coronary CT Angiography: The ERASIR Study.† AJR 195(1): 655-660. DOI:10.2214/AJR.10.4288. Lund, Greg, Emma Wegian, Martin Saeed, John Wassermeyer, George Adam, Anna Stork. 2009. â€Å"64-Slice spiral computed tomography of the coronary arteries: dose reduction using an optimized imaging protoeol including individual weight-adaptation of voltage and current-time product.† Eur Radiol 19(1): 1132-1138. McCollough, Cynthia. 2008. â€Å"CT dose: How to measure, how to reduce.† Health Phys 95(1): 508-517. Miller, Julie, Clara Rochitte, and Monchin Dewey. 2008. â€Å"Diagnostic performance of coronary angiography by 64-row CT.† N Engl J Med 359(1): 2324-2336. Nissen, Steve. 2008. â€Å"Limitations of computed tomography coronary angiography.† J Am Coll Cardiol 52(25): 2145-2147. Doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2008.09.017. Raff, Gilbert, Kavitha Chinnaiyan, David Share, and Tauqir Goraya. 2009. â€Å"Radiation dose from cardiac computed tomography before and after implementation of radiation dose-reduction techniques.† JAMA 301(1): 2340-2348. Shrimpton, Paul, Barry Wal, Terry Yoshizumi, Lee Hurwitz, and Paul Goodman. 2009. â€Å"Effective dose and dose-length product in CT.† Radiology 250(1): 604-605. Smith-Bindman, Rebecca, Jafi Lipson, Ralph Marcus, Kwang-Pyo Kim, Mahadevappa Mahesh, Robert Gould, Amy Berrington, and Diana Migliretti. 2009. â€Å"Radiation Dose Associated With Common Computed Tomography Examinations and the Associated Lifetime Attributable Risk of Cancer.† Arch Intern Med 169(22): 2078-2086. Stolzmann, Paul, Hans Scheffel, Thomas Schertler, Thomas Frauenfelder, Sebastian Leschka, Lars Husmann, Thomas Flohr, Borut Marincek, Philipp Kaufmann, and Hatem Alkadhi. 2008. â€Å"Radiation dose estimates in dual-source computed tomography coronary angiography.† Eur Radiol 18(1): 592-599. doi.10.1007/s00330-007-0786-8. Tatsugami, Fuminari, Lars Husmann, Bernhard Herzog, and Nina Burkhard. 2009. â€Å"Evaluation of a bod y mass index-adapted protocol for low-dose 64-MDCT coronary angiography with prospective ECG triggering.† AJR 192(1): 635-638. Torres, Felipe, Andrew Crean, Elsie Nguyen, and Narinder Paul. 2010. â€Å"Strategies for radiation-dose reduction and image-quality optimization in multidetector computed tomographic coronary angiography.† Canadian Association of Radiologists Journal 61(1): 271-279. doi:10.1016/j.carj.2009.11.013. Wu, Wenhui, Joseph Budovec, and Dennis Foley. 2009. â€Å"Prospective and retrospective ECG gating for thoracic CT angiography: A comparative study.† AJR 193(1): 955-963. This research paper on Radiation Dose Reduction Strategies in Cardiac CT Angiography was written and submitted by user Marcus U. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. 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Industrial revolution (governm essays

Industrial revolution (governm essays How far did popular unrest contribute to political reform? The pressure supplied by large numbers of people and many different lobby groups at the time of early industrialisation, did to a large extent, help forge a way for political reform, however it was not the only factor. In the metamorphosis period of industrialisation where British industry went from cottage to factory styles of production, the working classes suffered a huge fall in living and working conditions. Disease was out of control, sanitation was non-existent and child and women labour were the flavour of the day. These deplorable conditions awakened a social consciousness in the lower gentry that had such an intimidating effect on the aristocracy that change was imminent. Ideas such as Marxism, socialism, Chartism, liberalism, utilitarianism and humanitarianism were grafted into the bourgeoisie psyche. The period 1760-1830 saw an incresed concern for human unhappiness, and especially for that of the young. It was Peel who, stimulated by a Manchester physician, Thomas Perci val, pressed on Parliament the need for regulation of the factories. His Act of 1802, the Health and Morals of Apprenticeships Act, limited hours of work and prescribed minimum standards of hygiene and education. Also the emergence of a middle class, suppressed with little to no political power also contributed to political reform. Thus with prevailing melancholy over the working and middle classes political reform was recognised by the oligarchy as a way of appeasing social agitation and accordingly a way of maintaining power. The fear of a peoples revolution was foremost on the minds of the landed aristocracy in Britain during industrialisation. The French Revolution in 1789 saw people power topple the hierarchy due to calamitous living conditions and hunger. These events in France made the British aristocracy make sure that if change was going to happen, then it was going to be dictated...

British Defence Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

British Defence Policy - Essay Example The passengers on the fourth plane rose up and fought their oppressors, but the price was fatal. By the time that military responses could be coordinated, the World Trade Center and the Pentagon had already been hit. Paradigm shifts like this were part of the rationale behind the writing of the Defence White Paper entitled "Delivering Security in a Changing World" in 2003. The British government recognized a number of factors that necessitated changes in the ways that government agencies handled domestic security. According to the introduction to the white paper, it was "evident that the successful management of international security problems [would] require ever more integrated planning of military, diplomatic and economic instruments at both national and international levels" (Ministry of Defence 2003, p. 1). In other words, not only would countries have to be able to cooperate in ways that had not yet been possible in meeting the challenges of a common enemy, agencies within the same government would also have to work in concert swiftly to meet the challenges of terrorism, and there are many countries in which this interagency cooperation would prove more of a challenge than finding common g round with other countries. The improvement in military technologies was also a factor, which led those writing the paper to "look at how.new technologies [can] deliver military effects in different ways[including] flexible forces able to configure to generate the right capability in a less predictable and more complex operational environment" (Ministry of Defence 2003, p. 1). The goal of the white paper was to "move away from simplistic platform-centric planning to a fully 'networked enabled capability' able to exploit effects-based planning and operations, using forces which are truly adaptable, capable of even greater levels of precision, and rapidly deployable" (Ministry of Defence 2003, p. 1). Clearly, some paradigm shifts were underway in the restructuring of British security. Although the British government conducted another SDR in 2002, after the 9/11 attacks in the United States, there were other international events and factors that led to the writing of this white paper. The first one mentioned was the large number of small crises that were occurring all over the globe, including Kosovo, Macedonia, Sierra Leone, East Timor, Afghanistan, Congo, and Iraq - all at once. Constructing a military to face two or three theaters, at most, would be outdated in the current security environment. Also, while theaters in past conflicts, such as the Falkland Islands, or even such conflicts that, at the time, seemed protracted (like the Second World War), ended up taking less time to resolve that some of these foreign crises have in the past decade. Also, the structure of NATO has changed, transitioning from a group of large, static forces to smaller response teams that can go outside the NATO territory. Similarly, the creation of the European Security and Defence P olicy (ESDP) has fragmented the size of response teams even further. Also, a strategic partnership with Russia could present a variety of demands, given the instability that, at times, has plagued Russia's infrastructure, particularly their oil pipelines. The spreading of weapons of mass destruction around the world, and particularly the ease with which individuals and small

Phosgene Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Phosgene - Essay Example At temperatures above 250oC, phosgene decomposes to mixtures of carbon monoxide (CO), chlorine gas (Cl2), carbon dioxide (CO2), and carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). Owing to its low boiling point of 7.56oC, it is very volatile and non persistent. "It may remain for long periods of time in trenches and other low lying areas" (Federation of American Scientists, 2007). Phosgene smells of newly mown hay, at room temperature. It is soluble in fatty oils and organic solvents. Its odor threshold is 0.12-5.7 ppm. And its Permissible Exposure Limit Threshold Limit value (by volume in air) is 0.1 ppm (American Chemistry Council, 2002). Physical properties of Phosgene are given below: Phosgene hydrolyses slowly in water and releases hydrochloric acid and carbon dioxide. Phosgene reacts easily with caustic solution and even more so with ammonia and ammonia water. Phosgene produces hazardous chemical reactions with certain substances. Powdered aluminum burns in the presence of the vapor of phosgene. Phosgene also reacts with alcohols. For example, with 2,4-Hexadiyne-1,6-diol, phosgene produces a shock sensitive compound 2,4-hexadiyne-1,6-bischloroformate. It also produces hazardous products on reaction with secondary amines. When phosgene is mixed with potassium and subjected to shock, it explodes (American Chemistry Council, 2002). Phosgene is a highly dangerous pulmonary toxicant. ... erg/mol cm Solubility Parameter Dipole Moment Van der Waals Volume Van der Waals Area 5.64E+04 1.16919 34.9 5.20E+09 (erg/cm3)A1/2 Debye (D) cm3/mol cm2/mol Refractive Index Flash Point Upper Flammability Limit Lower Flammability 1.35609 Unknown Unknown Unknown C vol% in air vol% in air Upper Flammability Temperature Lower Flammability Temperature Auto-Ignition Temperature Unknown Unknown Unknown C C C Density Vapor Density Vapor Pressure 1.38 (20oC) 3.4 365 (-10oC) 555 (0oC) 1173 (20oC) g/cm3 mmhg LC50 5 ppm/1h Phosgene hydrolyses slowly in water and releases hydrochloric acid and carbon dioxide. Phosgene reacts easily with caustic solution and even more so with ammonia and ammonia water. Phosgene produces hazardous chemical reactions with certain substances. Powdered aluminum burns in the presence of the vapor of phosgene. Phosgene also reacts with alcohols. For example, with 2,4-Hexadiyne-1,6-diol, phosgene produces a shock sensitive compound 2,4-hexadiyne-1,6-bischloroformate. It also produces hazardous products on reaction with secondary amines. When phosgene is mixed with potassium and subjected to shock, it explodes (American Chemistry Council, 2002). Mechanism of Injury Phosgene is a highly dangerous pulmonary toxicant. Its exposure may not produce any symptoms for a long time, and by the time symptoms are detected it usually results in fatalities. Its exposure produces massive pulmonary edema. The routes of exposure to phosgene are inhalation, and skin/eye contact. Inhalation: This is the major route of phosgene exposure. Since it is hard to detect the odor, there may be prolonged asymptomatic exposures. Phosgene also causes asphyxiation in poorly ventilated places, since it is heavier than air at temperatures above 8oC (American Chemistry

Budgets at the Federal, State, Local and Agency Levels Term Paper

Budgets at the Federal, State, Local and Agency Levels - Term Paper Example All of them collect revenue, usually through the form of taxes and make necessary expenditures for the operation of the various departments that comprise their role as provider to the people. With the exception of salaries and other operational expenses, their primary responsibilities are to provide services, programs and funding to various segments of the population. Federal, state, local and agency levels all have their own various programs, offices and duties that contribute to the intricate workings of the national economy as a whole. They are though each inherently individual decision-making bodies. Thornhill summarizes the most important features of a public budget as follows: †¢ The budget, after its approval by the legislative authority, is enforceable. †¢ The results of most of the objectives to be realized by the budget are not quantifiable. †¢ The budget brings together a variety of considerations. †¢ As the objectives of action taken by public institut ion differ widely from those of private organizations, the processes for determining the content of a public budget are therefore unique. †¢ Authorities do not always adapt their expenditure to fit their available revenue. (check citation from original Thornbill, 1984) . Budgets at the Federal, State, Local and Agency Levels Faced with the past decade of national deficits, the recession, and other difficult situations, the United States government has had to set forth a plan to reduce debt, cut spending and increase revenues. In the news as of late because of our enormous debt and the need to raise the debt ceiling or face negative ramifications by defaulting on our loans from the World Bank. Paying higher interest rates and a reduced credit rating that would cost the US a substantial amount in interest would also have increased our debt rather than alleviate it. The government therefore has had to arrive at a budget for the coming year that would substantially cut spending to stave off further economic decline. In efforts to balance the budget, President Obama has focused on reducing military spending by reducing the number of troops in both Afghanistan and Iraq, minimal cuts in other government programs and increasing revenue with more uniform tax rates for all citizens coupled with fewer loop holes for corporations and other businesses. The nations budget is characterized by largely proportionate amounts set forth for areas of prime importance. Defense at roughly 30% , Health care at 21.5% , Social Security, 20%, Income Security at 14% and although considerably lower at 8.5% for education and job training. Other areas such as NASA and scientific discovery, Natural Resources, Immigration and Immigration Law Enforcement are all set at nearly 1- 2% and comprise the remaining 15%. In the political climate of today it is essential to spend on matters of defense and the US as leaders in promoting democracy and assisting our neighbors in need has come to the forefront since the beginning of the century. Social Security, Healthcare and Income Security, in total amount to roughly 55% is a huge sum of the budget assigned to taking care of the nation’s people. President Obama firmly believes that the road to recovery is in educating the nation’s youth and enhanced job training, so that we can advance with the times and better prepare ourselves to grow as leaders in the highly competitive world. He specifically points to areas of medicine, technology and science. 8.5% for education and job training. President Obama also hopes to increase our Gross Domestic Product with an increase in exports and foreign investments. By creating a greater demand globally and enhancing foreign trade relations. In

The Curious Atmosphere of Macbeth :: Free Essay Writer

The Curious Atmosphere of Macbeth       The Bard of Avon created a complex atmosphere in his writing of the tragedy Macbeth. Let's give detailed consideration to this aspect of the drama in this paper.    In Fools of Time: Studies in Shakespearean Tragedy, Northrop Frye shows how the atmosphere is altered for the better at the end of the play:    This theme is at its clearest where we are most in sympathy with the nemesis. Thus at the end of Macbeth, after the proclamation "the time is free," and of promises to make reparations of Macbeth's tyranny "Which would be planted newly with the time," there will be a renewal not only of time but of the whole rhythm of nature symbolized by the word "measure," which includes both the music of the spheres and the dispensing of human justice [. . .]. (94-95)    In his book, On the Design of Shakespearean Tragedy, H. S. Wilson explains why the atmosphere is so important in Macbeth:    Macbeth is a play in which the poetic atmosphere is very important; so important, indeed, that some recent commentators give the impression that this atmosphere, as created by the imagery of the play, is its determining quality. For those who pay most attention to these powerful atmospheric suggestions, this is doubtless true. Mr. Kenneth Muir, in his introduction to the play - which does not, by the way, interpret it simply from this point of view - aptly describes the cumulative effect of the imagery: "The contrast between light and darkness is part of a general antithesis between good and evil, devils and angels, evil and grace, hell and heaven . . . and the disease images of IV, iii and in the last act clearly reflect both the evil which is a disease, and Macbeth himself who is the disease from which his country suffers."(67-68)    L.C. Knights in the essay "Macbeth" mentions equivocation, unreality and unnaturalness in the play - contributors to an atmosphere that may not be very realistic:    The equivocal nature of temptation, the commerce with phantoms consequent upon false choice, the resulting sense of unreality ("nothing is, but what is not"), which has yet such power to "smother" vital function, the unnaturalness of evil ("against the use of nature"), and the relation between disintegration in the individual ("my single state of man") and disorder in the larger social organism - all these are major themes of the play which are mirrored in the speech under consideration.

Brazil Macroeconomics Essay

The country of choice is Brazil for the following reasons: it is a booming economy, which provides some stark contrast with the stagnation and ever-mentioned phrase ‘double-dip recession’ which now commonly used in the West. Macroeconomics is concerned with the study of aggregate economy, which embodies all nationally relevant economic indicators. The common indicators are the unemployment rate, the rate of inflation, the GDP per capita, economic growth, the economic cycle, and the labor force. Since 2003, Brazil’s economy has been growing steadily. It has been improving its macroeconomic stability despite a small crisis in 2008 which saw its growth rate decline to 2.6%. In 2010 it grew by 7.6% amid renewed confidence from foreign investors. Part of the reason for this is the high interest rates which make it attractive to foreign investors. Note also that this was its highest growth in 25 years, whilst people especially given that many economies were struggling a t the same time. Furthermore, the continuing flows of investment into the manufacturing sector have provided greater backbone to the economy. Note that a commonly cited reason for the economic struggle of the UK for example is its everlasting trading deficit. It does not export enough, it does not manufacture enough. With natural resources such as tin, clay, uranium, platinum, petroleum, cocoa, gold, wood, and hydroelectric power (and much more), Brazil is generally recognized as one of the naturally richest countries on Earth in terms of quantity and probably the richest in terms of variety of resources. The subject being treated here is not a comparative analysis between Brazil, an emerging economy and the declining economies of the West. Comparative analysis will only be used briefly in order to further confirm the great performance of this economy since 2003. In the arena of macroeconomics, it is essential to look at things from a national and international standpoint and therefore the performance of one economy is not only relative to its past performance but also relative to other economies in the world. In the past decade Brazil’s Government has combined fiscal policy has been used at times to stave off excessive inflation and encourage consumption. The reason why this has worked out is that in the long-run, the country has consistently been creating jobs both in the manufacturing and the services sectors, which in unison with fiscal policy have helped keep a lid on inflation in the past ten years. This point of success will be analyzed inn depth given that this country was previously known to have huge inflationary problems prior to the last decade. http://www.bbc.co.uk http://www.indexmundi.com/brazil/economy_profile.html http://www.thomaswhite.com/explore-the-world/brazil.aspx

The Group to Which We Belong to Provides Us with Our Identity

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Even though the groups we are associated with inevitably determine our sense of self, when we journey through life, our interaction with different people as well as the learning and embracing of the admirable qualities of others can also modify our identity, as our individuality can become refined and grow stronger. Becky from Whats Eating Gilbert Grape helps Gilbert recognise respectful aspects of his grossly overweight mother and he no longer sees her as a burden and bad role model in the family. With Beckys help, Gilbert is able to gain a much wider understanding of the world beyond him and he eventually makes the decision to burn down the house in orderShow MoreRelatedA Sense of Belonging Comes from Having Connections with People and Places859 Words   |  4 Pagescontext. The choice of where to belong and who to belong with changes peoples sense of belonging as time passes. The Poetry of Peter Skrzyneckis Immigrant Chronicle and Carson McCullerss novel , The member of the wed ding demonstrates how a sense of belonging comes from having connections with people and places. The member of the wedding discuss the idea that we do not always choose the groups we belong to and sometimes individuals are cast into groups to which they feel little connectionRead MoreThe Roots Of Identity And Denial1279 Words   |  6 PagesWhat is identity? The definition as a person’s own sense of whom they are, which their past defines them. Identity is very important in our society, no matter your social status. I can attach identity to belonging to something or a place. As a human race, we feel the need to belong to a group or place. Because belonging to a group or place, give us the sense of identity. Countries are no exception, their course of history and culture created a unique identity for themselves. Their cultures involves;Read MoreMajor Theories Regarding the Nature of Personal and Social Identity1575 Words   |  7 PagesNature of Personal and Social Identity Richard Jenkins said that ‘Without social identity, there is in fact, no Society’. Sociologists see identity as related to the society in which people live. They believe that our identity is formed against a social background, which tries to make social interaction meaningful, understandable and organised by categorising people in order of the group they belong to. Because we are categorised in such a way, we become recognisable asRead MoreBelonging Involves Conforming and a Loss of Identity - Expository Essay1087 Words   |  5 PagesIndeed, as the construction of one’s identity is highly intricate and ever – changing, several authorities often considers its development to be associated with our relationships. From this, it can be shown that belonging can be associated with the degradation of one’s identity. Such impact can be explained through the reality that in order to belong, we must share similar characteristics or identity with that group however this can involve enhancing character’s identity. Nonetheless, due to its complexitiesRead MoreParliamentary Democracy Ibq987 Words   |  4 Pagesof legitimacy and meaning making in Iraq post the 2003 U.S. invasion. In other words, I am interested in who the different religious, tribal and ethnic groups in the country that are creating legitimacy using revenue from oil to establish their own alternative go verning body outside of the of the state structure. I argue that these competing groups create popular support, through ideology creation. This allow them to collect the votes they need to have access to power and resources from rent throughRead MoreIdentity Nd Belonging Essay1987 Words   |  8 PagesOur sense of identity can never be constant Identity and belonging are inter-related; they go like peas in a pod. The groups we choose to belong to and the ways we connect with others help to form our own identity. Together, these issues go to the heart of who we are and how we present ourselves to the world. One human quality that we all share, despite our individual identities, is the need to belong. It is a paradox that we long to be free, to be who we truly are and yet we yearn to belong toRead MoreRomulus My Father - Belonging1451 Words   |  6 Pagesconcept that Belonging is the driving force for the human condition. Each composer represents their varied perceptions of belonging in their texts, conveying that Belonging as a fundamental need we strive for in our search to create a concrete identity. The memoir, Romulus, My Father, portrays the ways in which immigrants in 1950’s rural Victoria struggled to be accepted in a foreign society, exploring both Romulus and Gaita’s personal experiences with Belonging. The tone of the narrative is retrospective;Read MoreBelonging: Ayli and Related Texts1072 Words   |  5 Pageshave a group to which they can find support or kinship, such as a family. Governments and large groups of people (like communities) can offer a substantial level of belonging. However, as common as it is to belong to a government, country or community, throughout history individuals have also been rejected by them, and forced to be outcast. The concept that government and communities are amongst the greatest sources of belonging AND rejection is explored in the three texts I have chosen, which are,Read MoreCultural Identity In The Philippines1334 Words   |  6 Pagesa confusing cultural identity as a nation. The Philippines is a country that has been colonized too many times. From the Spaniards, then we were sold off to the USA, and then we were invaded by the Japanese- we were tortured, raped, ransacked, and more. But yet , we still admire them after all. Actually, we aspire to be them. Women everywhere are trying to get their own white complexion. Whenever you see the word â€Å"imported†, we instantly think that it is better than what our own country has. GrantedRead MoreEquality and Diversity Essay1577 Words   |  7 Pageson. We all are different, there is no the same person in the world, so we should respect each other’s differences and cooperate. 2. Describe the community you live in. Highlight some of the variations you may observe in terms of: Interests Beliefs Ages Lifestyles Personal, social and cultural identities. We live in mixed community. All people are different. On our street lives three black families, few retired couples, some of our neighbours have dogs and cats. Our closest